Frank
Aiken was born in Armagh in 1898. He was politically and militarily active from
a young age, joining the Irish Volunteers
at sixteen, and within a few years becoming
Chairman of the Armagh Comhairle Ceanntair of Sinn
Féin
and elected onto
Armagh County Council. During the War of Independence, he commanded the Fourth
Northern Division of the IRA. The split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty left Aiken
ultimately aligned with the Anti-Treaty side in spite of personal efforts to prevent
division and civil war. He succeeded Liam Lynch as Chief of Staff of the IRA in
March 1923 and issued the cease fire and dump arms orders on 24 May 1923 that
effectively ended the Civil War. He was first elected to the Dáil as a
Sinn Féin candidate in the Louth constituency in 1923, continuing to be
re-elected for Fianna
Fáil
at every election until his retirement from
politics fifty years later. He entered the first Fianna Fáil government
as Minister for Defence (19329), later becoming Minister for the Coordination
of Defensive Measures (193945) with responsibility for overseeing Irelands
national defence and neutral position during the Second World War. Aiken
was Minister for Finance (19458) for three years following the war and was
involved in economic postwar development, in the industrial, agricultural,
educational and other spheres. However, it was as Minister for External Affairs
(19514, 195769) that Aiken fulfilled his enormous political potential.
As Foreign Minister he adopted where possible an independent stance for Ireland
at the United Nations and other international for a such as the Council of Europe.
Despite a great deal of opposition, both at home and abroad, he stubbornly asserted
the right of UN members to discuss the representation of communist China at the
General Assembly. Unable to bring the issue of the partition of Ireland to the
UN, Aiken ensured that Ireland vigorously defended the rights of small nations
such as Tibet and Hungary (invaded by China and Russia respectively, in the 1950s),
nations whose problems it was felt Ireland could identify with and had a moral
obligation to help. Aiken also supported the right of countries such as Algeria
to self-determination and spoke out against apartheid in South Africa. Under Irelands
policy of promoting the primacy of international law and reducing global tension
at the height of the Cold War, Aiken promoted the idea of areas of law, which
he believed would free the most tense regions around the world from the threat
of nuclear war. Likewise, Aiken sponsored a resolution to prevent the wider
dissemination of nuclear weapons and proposed peace initiatives for the
crisis in the Middle East. In 1969, Aiken, who was then
seventy, stepped down from his positions as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Tánaiste
[deputy prime minister], at a time when the gradual move towards membership of
the European Union and growing tensions in Northern Ireland would soon shift the
focus of Foreign Affairs policy from the UN to matters closer to home. Positions
and policies nurtured and guarded from the 1950sneutrality, independence,
Ireland as a middle powerwould come to change or have different
meanings as new alignments were formed in the 1970s. Aiken would watch these changes
from the sidelines and at the age of seventy-five, in the midst of the arms crisis
of 1973, he decided finally to retire from political life, opting not to stand
for re-election in his County Louth constituency. During an incomparable ministerial
career he had also held briefly the portfolios of Lands and Fisheries (JuneNovember
1936) and Agriculture (MarchMay 1957). Frank Aiken
married Maud Davin in October 1934. They had three children, Proinnsias, Lochlann
and Aedamar. In 1983 he died peacefully, at the age of eighty-five, his wife having
predeceased him by five years. |
Personal
material relating to the Aiken family: school essays, reports and certificates
of Frank Aiken (191329), Proinnsias, Lochlann and Aedamar (193958);
photographs and correspondence between Aedamar (Rhodesia) and her parents, Frank
and Maud Aiken (194886); notes and correspondence on Sandyford and the Three
Rock Dairy farm and on Aikens inventions (192083); letters from
charities, supporters and friends (192783); correspondence and notes on
the Irish Amateur Boxing Association (193878); family photographs (190080);
correspondence, notes, diaries and photographs of the marriage and personal lives
of Frank and Maud Aiken, family and friends; correspondence relating to the musical
career of Maud Aiken. Revolutionary
period, 191623: minutes and agendas of meetings of the Executive
of Óglaigh na hÉireann and correspondence with members of the Fourth
Northern Division, including truce negotiations and correspondence on the end
of the Civil War (192224); correspondence with Mary MacSwiney
(1923); correspondence
concerning the death of Liam Lynch (192364); contemporary and commemorative
accounts of the attack on Dundalk Military Barracks and republican activities,
including articles, statements and photographs (1922-80). Fianna
Fáil TD for County Louth: policy statements, speeches, election
promotional material, notes, photographs and correspondence relating to presidential,
general, local and Senate elections, (192678); routine correspondence and
commemorative material relating to Fianna Fáil (192782); correspondence
from party representatives; memoranda, notes, photographs, maps, plans, newspaper
cuttings and correspondence concerning local developments in County Louth (192472);
speeches, correspondence and accounts of Aikens retirement from public life
(197386) Early years in
politics: reports and correspondence on legal, agricultural, social, religious,
industrial and defence issues by government (Cumann na nGaedheal) and opposition
(Fianna Fáil) (192632); letters and notes on Northern Ireland and
the status of Northern nationalists (192231); material on Aikens trip
to the US to raise funds for Fianna Fáil, including correspondence with
Seán T. OKelly, Mary MacSwiney, Eamon de Valera, L.H. OCearnaigh
and others (192526); reports, statements and correspondence with Ernie
O'Malley,
Eamon de Valera and Kathleen
O'Connell
concerning Aikens trip to the
US to raise funds for the Irish Press (192829). Minister
for Defence: correspondence, reports, notes, printed material and memoranda
on the treatment of republican prisoners in the Curragh and Arbour Hill (193238);
memoranda, reports and statements on employment in the defence forces (192438);
reports of the Intelligence Summary of International Affairs (193438); diary
and notes on discussions at the London Conferences on Anglo-Irish Relations (1938);
memoranda, reports and publications on the work of the Banking Commission, on
social credit and the International Exchange Clearing House, (192439); memorabilia
on Thirty-First International Eucharistic Congress, Dublin (1932); government
memoranda, memorabilia, publications and reports on issues such as the Irish Constitution,
government buildings, sale of turf, (193039); correspondence and photographs
on the stopover in Shannon of Charles Lindbergh (1936) Minister
for Lands and Fisheries: correspondence, memorabilia, annotated drafts
of legislation, publications on the Land Acts and Land Annuities (192937) Minister
for the Co-Ordination of Defensive Measures: Correspondence, reports, memoranda
and speeches on recruitment of voluntary defence forces and on domestic production
during the Emergency (193944); material on censorship, including correspondence
with Michael Knightly, Chief Press Censor, and Thomas J. Coyne, Assistant Controller
of Censorship (193947); minutes of Defence Conferences (194044); correspondence,
notes, speeches, photographs and publications on Aikens trip to the US to
procure arms (194142); statements and publications on neutrality (193972);
memoranda on an International Exchange Clearing House and Central Bank (193945);
correspondence and memoranda on the treatment of prisoners in Arbour Hill and
the Curragh Camp (193942). Minister
for Finance: memoranda, reports and correspondence on the Budgets (194548)
and on proposed stock issue by Dublin Corporation (194248); memoranda and
statements on employment within the Civil Service and the teaching and banking
professions (194547); memoranda and correspondence on international financial
matters, such as the Bretton Woods Agreement and the International Monetary Fund,
the Committee on European Economic Co-Operation and the Marshall Plan (193948);
memoranda, notes and correspondence on post-war planning and development, including
schemes for the Gaeltacht and agricultural and educational programmes (194548);
reports, memoranda and notes on general post-war government policy (194548). In
Opposition, 194851: material mainly relating to the anti-partition
campaign, including Reports from the North by Séamus McCall
(194953), correspondence, agendas, minutes, speeches and reports on the
Anti-Partition League of Great Britain (194950) and on the Mansion House
All-Party Anti-Partition Conference (194751); correspondence, memorabilia
and photographs on Aiken and de Valeras trip around the world, including
to Britain, Italy, USA, Canada, India, Burma, Australia and New Zealand, including
correspondence with family members during the trip (194850). Minister
for External Affairs: Council
of Europe: reports, correspondence, publications and memorabilia on the
Consultative Assemblies (194850, 1960, 196263, 196773); reports,
minutes of meetings and correspondence on human rights issues, including Northern
Ireland (196374); material, including speeches, resolutions and memoranda
on European co-operation and development, including reference to the European
Union (194976). International
Trade and Finance: reports, memoranda, correspondence, speeches, statements
and publications on international financial matters, including the European Payments
Union; Spend-Lend Agreement (194963); external assets and exchequer financing
(195156); Free Trade Area Agreement (195765); OECD (196068);
and the European Monetary System and International Monetary Fund (19631981).
European Economic Community:
reports, memoranda, speeches and publications on preparations for membership,
including the referendum on entry to the Community (195073). North
Atlantic Pact: reports and correspondence on NATO and Irelands neutrality
(194972). United Nations
Organisation General Assembly: speeches, reports, correspondence, publications,
photographs, newsreel, magnetic tape and newspaper cuttings on the twelfth-twenty
fifth sessions of the UN General Assembly (195769); on matters arising at
the UN including the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; the Middle East; the
withdrawal of troops from Europe; Algeria; human rights in Tibet; apartheid in
South Africa; South West Africa; discussions on the representation of China at
the UN; the UN Relief and Works Agency; the candidature of Frederick Boland as
President of the UN General Assembly; UN intervention in the Congo; independence
for Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe); financing of
peace-keeping operations; Vietnam. UN
other matters: correspondence on UN participation (including Irish troops)
in the Congo and the resignation of Conor Cruise OBrien (1961); correspondence
on participation by UN (Irish) troops in Cyprus (196465). General
External Affairs policy: correspondence, photographs and publications on
aid to Nigeria and Biafra and the role of Irish missionaries (1960-72); correspondence,
notes, speeches, interviews and publications on general external affairs policy,
including correspondence between Aiken and Chester Bowles, US Secretary of State,
with the Department of the Taoiseach, with Frederick Boland, with Con Cremin and
with Maud Aiken (1950-82); memorabilia, including medals and awards, film footage
and photographs on general external affairs matters (195080). Diplomatic
relations: correspondence with embassies and consular offices, including
with J.P. Walshe, Irish Ambassador to Rome (195160), with Leo T. McCauley,
Irish Ambassador to the Holy See (196067), with the Italian Legation in
Dublin (195164); with the Irish embassies in France (195270), Spain
(195154), Australia (195173), Canada (195767), and Switzerland
(196369); correspondence and notes on consular and diplomatic matters concerning
relations between Ireland and Sweden, India, Germany, the Netherlands, Malawi
and other countries (195276); notes, correspondence and memoranda concerning
relations with Britain, including on the subjects of partition, the Common Market,
the reinterment of the remains of Roger Casement and controversy over publication
of his diaries (194880); correspondence, notes and articles and publications
regarding relations with the United States of America, including correspondence
with the US ambassador to Ireland (195075). Visits
abroad and to Ireland: memorabilia and photographs on de Valera and Aikens
trip to St Gallen (1951); correspondence, speeches, memorabilia, publications
and photographs on President Seán T. OKellys visit to the US
(1959); correspondence, memorabilia and publications on Aikens visit to
the celebrations on Congolese independence (1960) and on his trip with Eamon de
Valera to Rome (195763); correspondence, speeches, itineraries, photographs,
memorabilia and publications on the visits to the US by An Taoiseach Seán
Lemass (1963) and by President Eamon de Valera (also to Canada) (1964); itineraries,
photographs and publications on Aikens visit to Zambia and other countries
(195777); letters, photographs and memoranda on official visits to Ireland
by foreign dignitaries including Princess Grace of Monaco, Charles de Gaulle,
President of France, and President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline (195972);
correspondence with Eamon de Valera while in Utrecht for an eye operation (195152) Northern
Ireland: correspondence, policy statements, reports, publications and speeches
on the conflict in Northern Ireland and civil rights issues. Includes material
on the Anti-Partition League of Great Britain (195070); the All-Party Anti-Partition
Conference (194980); Reports on the North by Séamus McCall
(1951-53); resolutions submitted to the US House of Representatives and Senate
on partition (195154); and reports in the Dáil on gun-running in
Northern Ireland (196970). General
government issues: reports, correspondence, memoranda and publications
concerning the Cabinet Committee for the Provision of Employment (195154);
the American Grant Counterpart Fund; and the European Recovery Programme (194854);
government policies on agriculture, fisheries, education, transport, trade, Irish
language, employment, health, local government and industrial issues (195176);
memoranda, speeches and reports on constitutional reform and proportional representation
and on general government policy (195176). Minister
for Agriculture: memoranda and reports relating to agricultural schemes
and research (1957). |