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About each of the four collision points of the LHC, an enormous scientific detector is being built which will capture and analyse the debris from the proton collision.
These experiments are called ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE.
Atlas and CMS
are general purpose detectors that surround the interaction region.
Their primary physics goals are to understand the origin of matter (hopefully by
discovering the elusive Higgs boson) and to find evidence for new physics. Current
theories suggest something will break down at LHC energies - and ATLAS and CMS
want to be there when it happens.
LHCb
is orientated around the beam but offset to one side of the collision point.
It thus collects collision data from 'glancing' collisions or those in which light particles are produced. In particular, millions of B mesons (subatomic particles containing b-quarks) will
be sprayed into LHCb every second. The primary goal of LHCb is to shed light on why the universe is so full of matter and contains hardly any anti-matter.
There is clearly an assymmetry since if matter and anti-matter were equal we would long ago have vanished in a flash of light. But we don't yet know why. LHCb hopes to answer this question by
studying B and anti-B mesons.
The
Alice experiment will examine nucleus-nucleus interactions at LHC energies and study the physics of strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities, where the formation of a new phase of matter, the quark-gluon plasma, is expected.
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