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| After graduating with a Bachelor of Commerce degree in 1981, Elizabeth Shotton worked in economic and statistical analysis for several years prior to returning to university to study architecture in Vancouver. On graduation from the University of BC in 1988 she worked for a number of highly regarded architectural practices in Canada including Patkau Architects and Peter Cardew Architects prior to establishing her own practice in 1995. The practice of Elizabeth Shotton | architect, registered in Canada, continues to be active in the field of research, exhibitions and publications, competitions and built commissions. Since 1998, in addition to practice, she has been active in architectural education first with the School of Architecture at the University of BC in Vancouver, teaching primarily in the area of urbanism, housing and technology in design studio, and more recently taking up a full time position with the School of Architecture, Landscape & Civil Engineering at UCD in 2003 to coordinate and teach in technology and design. |
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Research interests focus on the sustainable use of material resources through advances in materials, building technologies and design processes.
SECA WoodWeld 2010-present The ambition of the SECA WoodWeld project is the adaptation and application of a new weather and water resistant form of wood welding to rotational dowel welded connections for construction products and structural engineering applications. Collaborative research project between School of Architecture (Shotton), School of Civil Engineering (Fanning) and School of Mechanical Engineering (Murphy) at UCD and École Nationale Supérieure Des Technologies Et Industries Du Bois, Université Henri Poincaré, France (Pizzi); Lulea University of Technology, Sweden (Hagman, Lindgren); Department of Wood Science and Forestry, Laval University, Canada (Stevanovic); Schilliger-Holz, Switzerland (Schilliger); Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Austria (Wieland); Fanny Eco-Ebenisterie, France (Wittmer). Funding: WoodWisdom-ERA Net 2011, Short-listed (PI: Shotton) Masters Dissertations: Cian O¿Loinsigh, ME. Structural Engineering with Architecture. UCD. Application and Optimisation of Rotationally-welded Dowels as a Sustainable Alternative for the Construction of Timber Laminated Beams. 2010. Primary Supervisor: Dr. P. Fanning. Co-Supervisor: E. Shotton. Avril McCarthy, ME. Mech. Eng. UCD. Fracture Analysis of Irish Sitka Spruce. 2010. Primary Supervisor: Dr. N. Murphy. Co-Supervisors: E. Shotton, V. Picardo. Publications: O'Lionsigh, C., Oudjene, M., Shotton, E., Pizzi, A. and Fanning, P.J. Mechanical behaviour and 3D stress analysis of multi-layered wooden beams made with welded through wood dowels. Composite Structures. 2012. O'Loinsigh, C., Oudjene, M., Ait-Aider, H., Fanning, P., Pizzi, A., Shotton, E., Meghlat, E.M. Experimental Study of Timber-to-Timber Composite Beam Using Welded-Through Wood Dowels. Construction and Building Materials. 2012.
Grammatical Evolution, Parametric Design & Rapid Prototyping 2006-present This research is being undertaken in the NCRA located in UCD CASL (Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory) by Michael O'Neill and Anthony Brabazon in collaboration with Elizabeth Shotton and Ciaran McNally of the UCD School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering through the support of a UCD Research Seed Grant. The main outcome of this project has been the successful proposal to Science Foundation Ireland Grammatical Representations for Evolutionary Design (see http://ncra.ucd.ie/Site/architecture.html for details). The collaborative project was formed between NCRA/CASL UCD and the School of Architecture, Landscape & Civil Engineering in 2007 to investigate the potential of a form of evolutionary computation, grammatical evolution (GE), combined with shape grammars to develop an evolutionary form-generation platform. This evolutionary approach to design will support a more critical and informed use of local resources within the building industry by structuring closer links between the conceptual design process and the material/environmental imperatives. We wish to evolve the design of advanced architectural form through consideration of structural, material and constructional issues. Principal Investigator: Dr. Michael O¿Niell, Natural Computing & Research Applications (NCRA), CASL UCD. Collaborators: Elizabeth Shotton and Dr. Ciaran McNally, ALCE, UCD; Dr. Anthony Brabazon, NCRA UCD; Dr. Martin Hemberg from Children¿s Hospital, Boston, USA. Funding: Science Foundation Ireland Grant 2008 (PI: O¿Neill) College of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Research Supplemental Grant for Capital Purchases: Rapid Prototyping Equipment 2007 (PI: Shotton) Wood Marketing Federation Grant 2006 (PI: Shotton) Graduate Dissertations: John Mark Swafford, PhD. 2012. Grammatical Representations for Evolutionary Design. NCRA/CASL. Principal Supervisor: Dr. M. O'Neill. Co-Supervisor: E. Shotton Jonathan Byrne, PhD. 2012. Grammatical Representations for Evolutionary Design. NCRA/CASL. Principal Supervisor: Dr. M. O'Neill, Doctoral Panel Member: E. Shotton Post-Doctorates: James McDermott, NCRA/CASL Erik Hemburg, NCRA/CASL Sample Publications: McDermott, J, Swafford, JM, Hemberg, M, Byrne, J, Hemberg, E, Fenton, M, McNally, C, Shotton, E, & O'Neill, M. Advantages and limitations of string-rewriting grammars in evolutionary architectural design. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. Vol 39. No. 4. 2012. Byrne J., Fenton M., McDermott J., Hemberg E., O'Neill M., McNally C., Shotton E. Combining Structural Analysis and Multi-Objective Criteria for Evolutionary Architectural Design. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol 6625. 2011. O'Neill, M., McDermott, J., Swafford, J.M., Byrne, J., Hemberg, E., Shotton, E., McNally, C., Brabazon, A., & Hemberg, M. Evolutionary Architectural Design using Grammatical Evolution and Shape Grammars: A Single Person Shelter Design Challenge. International Journal of Design Engineering. Vol 3. No. 1. 2010.
Tectonic Culture 2007-2010 The Erasmus Intensive Programme on Tectonics ran as an annual summer course on building technology for European architecture students (linked to ARCT40070). In 2009 the focus of the program was dry stone construction, organized by the School of Architecture, Landscape & Civil Engineering at University College Dublin and held in Connemara, Ireland. Three permanent installations were constructed for the community at Letterfrack College and Tully. Collaborators include University of Liechtenstein, Institute for Architecture and Planning, Vaduz, Liechtenstein (Meister); School of Architecture, University College Dublin, Ireland (Shotton); Royal Academy Copenhagen, School of Architecture, Denmark; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, Trondheim (Hakonsen); University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture, Slovenia; Universitat Polytècnica de Catalunya, School of Architecture of El Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. Funding: EU Erasmus IP Grants 2005-10 (PI: Meister); UCD International Office Funding 2009 (PI: Shotton); NTNU International Office Funding 2005-09 (PI: Hakonsen). Sample Publications: Meister, U., Shotton, E., Spaan, M., Money, J., Rist, C., Tectonics in Building Culture: Stone. Ed. Shotton, E., Money, B. 2010.
NAR: North Atlantic Rim Research Collaborative 2004-2010 The documentation of coastal landscapes at the rim of the North Atlantic is imperative given the significant development pressures and environmental threats on these fragile ecosystems, landforms and settlements. Since 2004 the North Atlantic Rim [NAR] Research Collaborative, representing architects and academics from Ireland, Norway, Iceland and Eastern Canada, have worked jointly each summer on the systematic documentation of representative landscapes and settlements in these regions. Collaborators include School of Architecture, UCD, Ireland (Shotton, Ryan); Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Øyasæter, Corneil); Icelandic Academy of the Arts, Dept. of Architecture and Design, Reykjavik, Iceland (Geirhardsson); Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mullin). Funding: Graham Foundation Publication Assistance, Landscape: Form & Settlement 2006 (PI: Shotton); COFORD Working Visit Grant NAR 2006 (PI: Shotton); EU Erasmus Teaching Exchange Grants (Norway 2007, Norway 2004, Iceland 2005); An Chomhairele Ealaion [The Arts Council] Ireland, Travel Mobility Grant, Norway 2004 (PI: Shotton) Sample Publications & Conferences: Shotton, E. Landscape, Form & Settlement: North Atlantic Rim Research Collaborative. ONSITE. 2007. Shotton, E. Northern Landscapes : Northern Architectures. Fourth Savannah Symposium: Architecture and Regionalism. 2005.
Earlier Research Projects Issues of Gravity: A Study in Collaboration, 2000. Funding: Canada Council for the Arts in conjunction with the University of British Columbia RE POSE, 1998-99. Funding: Canada Council for the Arts in conjunction with the Charles H. Scott Gallery and COFI. Peter Cardew: Ordinary Buildings, 1997. Funding: Canada Council for the Arts in conjunction with the Charles H. Scott Gallery and Lignum Industries. |
| Sponsor : Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food (DAFF) Title : Commissioning of wood CNC routing equipment to aid in timber construction education and research Start Date / End Date : 11-JAN-10 / 28-MAY-10 |
| Sponsor : Graham Foundation USA Title : North Atlantic RIM Research Collaborating - Publication Start Date / End Date : 01-JUL-07 / 31-DEC-08 |
| John
Mark Swafford, PhD. 2012. Grammatical
Representations for Evolutionary Design. NCRA/CASL. Principal Supervisor: Dr. M. O'Neill. Co-Supervisor: E. Shotton Jonathan Byrne, PhD. 2012. Grammatical Representations for Evolutionary Design. NCRA/CASL.Principal Supervisor: Dr. M. O'Neill, Doctoral Panel Member: E. Shotton Cian O Loinsigh, ME. Structural Engineering with Architecture. UCD. 2010. Application and Optimisation of Rotationally-welded Dowels as a Sustainable Alternative for the Construction of Timber Laminated Beams. Primary Supervisor: Dr. P. Fanning. Co-Supervisor: E. Shotton. Avril McCarthy, ME. Mech. Eng. UCD. 2010. Fracture Analysis of Irish Sitka Spruce. Primary Supervisor: Dr. N. Murphy. Co-Supervisors: E. Shotton, V. Picardo. |
Shotton, E., Nicholls, J.; (2000) Issues of Gravity: A Study in Collaboration. Vancouver: School of Architecture, University of BC.  [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (1999) RE POSE. Vancouver: Charles H. Scott Gallery. [Details] |
| Cardew, P., Shotton, E., Carter, B., Kezier, R.; (1997) Peter Cardew : Ordinary Buildings. Vancouver: Charles H. Scott Gallery. [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (1985) Heritage Conservation Guide. Victoria: BC Heritage Trust: BC Heritage Trust. [Details] |
| Elizabeth Shotton (2010) 'The Measure of Stone' In: Tectonics in Building Culture: Stone. Ireland, Liechtenstein: EC and National Agency of Liechtenstein. [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (2006) 'Material Imprecision' In: K. Lloyd-Thomas (eds). Material Matters: Architecture and Material Practice. London, England: Routledge. [Details] |
| Elizabeth Shotton, Brendan Money (Ed.). (2010) Tectonics in Building Culture: Stone. Ireland, Liechtenstein: European Community and National Agency of Liechtenstein. [Details] |
| C. O'Loinsigh, M. Oudjene, H. Ait-Aider, P. Fanning, A. Pizzi, E. Shotton, E.M. Meghlat (2012) 'Experimental Study of Timber-to-Timber Composite Beam Using Welded-Through Wood Dowels'. Construction and Building Materials, . [Details] |
| O'Lionsigh, C., Oudjene, M., Shotton, E., Pizzi, A. and Fanning, P.J.; (2012) 'Mechanical behaviour and 3D stress analysis of multi-layered wooden beams made with welded through wood dowels'. Composite Structures, 94 (2):313-321. [DOI] [Details] |
| Michael O¿Neill, James McDermott, John Mark Swafford, Jonathan Byrne, Erik Hemberg, Elizabeth Shotton, Ciaran McNally, Anthony Brabazon and Martin Hemberg; (2009) 'Evolutionary Design using Grammatical Evolution and Shape Grammars:Designing a Shelter'. International Journal of Design Engineering, . [Details] |
| McDermott, J, Swafford, JM, Hemberg, M, Byrne, J, Hemberg, E, Fenton, M, McNally, C, Shotton, E, & O'Neill, M; (2012) 'Advantages and limitations of string-rewriting grammars in evolutionary architectural design'. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 39 (4):713-731. [DOI] [Details] |
| Byrne J., Fenton M., McDermott J., Hemberg E., O'Neill M., McNally C., Shotton E. ; (2011) 'Combining Structural Analysis and Multi-Objective Criteria for Evolutionary Architectural Design'. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6625 :200-209. [Details] |
| O'Neill, M., McDermott, J., Swafford, J.M., Byrne, J., Hemberg, E., Shotton, E., McNally, C., Brabazon, A., & Hemberg, M.; (2010) 'Evolutionary Architectural Design using Grammatical Evolution and Shape Grammars: A Single Person Shelter Design Challenge'. International Journal of Design Engineering, 3 (1):4-24. [DOI] [Details] | |||||||||
| O'Neill M., McDermott J., Swafford J.M., Byrne J., Hemberg E., Shotton E., McNally C., Brabazon A., Hemberg M.; (2010) 'Evolutionary Design using Grammatical Evolution and Shape Grammars: Designing a Shelter'. International Journal of Design Engineering, 3 (1):4-24. [Details] |
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| Elizabeth Shotton; (2009) 'Material Imprecision'. Building Material, 19 :62-63. [Details] | |||||||||
| Shotton, E.; (2007) 'North Atlantic Rim Research Collaborative'. ON | SITE Review, (17). [Details] | |||||||||
| Shotton, E.; (2006) 'An Equivocal Presence'. ON | SITE Review, (16). [Details] | |||||||||
| Shotton, E.; (2004) 'Other Notes on Bounding'. Building Material, (11):40-45. [Details] | |||||||||
| Shotton, E., Macdonald, C., Liu, A., Techentin, W.; (1999) 'Weather Register'. Journal of Architectural Education, 53 (2):110-114. [Details] | |||||||||
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| Elizabeth Shotton (2012) 'Craft Work' CANADIAN ARCHITECT 57 (6) :13-16. [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (2005) 'RAIC Gold Medal Winner: Richard Henriquez' CANADIAN ARCHITECT 50 (5) . [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (2001) 'Taking in the View, A Comparative Analysis of Recreation Projects in Vancouver' CANADIAN ARCHITECT . [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (2000) 'Everyday Urbanism: A Critical Review' ARCADE Magazine . [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (1999) 'Across the Conceptual Divide' Kamloops Art Gallery magazine . [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (1998) 'The Charm of Fables: Strawberry Vale School, Patkau Architects' ARCADE magazine . [Details] | |||||||||
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| Byrne J., Fenton M., McDermott J., Hemberg E., O'Neill M., McNally C., Shotton E. ; (2011) Combining Structural Analysis and Multi-Objective Criteria for Evolutionary Architectural Design EvoMUSART 2011 9th European Event on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music, Sound, Art and Design Torino, Italy, [Details] |
| Byrne, J, Fenton, M, Hemberg, E, McDermott, J, O'Neill, M, Shotton, E & McNally, C; (2011) Combining structural analysis and multi-objective criteria for evolutionary architectural design . In: LNCS 6625, Proceedings of EvoMUSART 2011 the 9th European Event on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music, Sound, Art and Design eds. EvoMusArt Torino, Italy, , 27-APR-11 - 29-APR-11 , pp.200-209 [Details] |
| O'Neill, M., Swafford, J.M., McDermott, J., Byrne, J., Brabazon, A., Shotton, E., McNally, C. & Hemberg, M.; (2009) Shape Grammars and Grammatical Evolution for Evolutionary Design Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) Montreal, Canada, , 10-JUL-09 - 12-JUL-09 [Details] |
| O'Neill, M., Swafford, J. M., McDermott, J., Byrne, J., Brabazon, A., Shotton, E., McNally, C., and Hemberg, M. ; (2009) Shape Grammars and Grammatical Evolution for Evolutionary Design Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2009) Montreal, Canada, , 08-JUL-09 - 12-JUL-09 [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (2007) Internal Consistencies: Regarding Weights and Measures . In: Orr, K., Kaji-O'Grady, S eds. Techniques & Technologies: Transfer & Transformation Sydney, Australia, , 26-SEP-07 [Details] |
| Shotton, E.; (2005) Haste: The Forgotten Virtue The European City. Architectural Interventions and Urban Transformations The Netherlands: TU Delft & EAAE, [Details] | |||||||||
| Shotton, E; (2004) Strategic Initiatives . In: Constantin Spiridonidis eds. Monitoring Architectural Design Education in European Schools of Architecture, EAAE - EHNSA Greece, , pp.365-374 [Details] |
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| Shotton, E.; (2004) Technical Intuition: The Role Of Reason And Intuition In The Design Process . In: Voyatzaki, M eds. Visions for the Future of Construction Education, Teaching Construction in a Changing World Greece, , pp.158-165 [Details] |
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| Year: 2006. Title: Images of Research Competition UCD |
| Year: 2002. Title: Urban Institute of Ireland Study Grant |
| Year: 2002. Title: School of Architecture UCD Study Grant |
| Year: 1988. Title: Architectural Institute of B.C. Medal |
| Year: 1987. Title: Frank Stanzl Memorial Scholarship |
| Year: 1986. Title: Architectural Institute Of B.C. Award |
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| Year: 1985. Title: Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Student Design Competition, Canadian Pavilion for BC Exposition, honourable mention |
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| Year: 1981. Title: Phillip Morris International Marketing and Communications Competition |
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| Year: 1981. Title: Philip Morris International Marketing Competition, Analysis of European Market, first place |
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| Association: Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC | IRAC), Function/Role: Member |
| Association: Architectural Institute of British Columbia , Function/Role: Registered 1994, certificate of practice 1995 |
| Association: Construction History Society, Function/Role: Member |
| Association: Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA), Function/Role: Member |
| Association: Canadian Design Research Network, Function/Role: member |
| Shotton, E.; (2007) Internal Consistencies: Regarding Weights & Measures. [International Refereed Conference], 4th Annual AASA Conference on Technology & Techniques, Sydney, Australia , 26-SEP-07. |
| Shotton, E.; (2006) An Equivocal Presence. [International Refereed Conference], The Complexity of the Ordinary: Context as Key to Architectural Strategies, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Denmark , 01-OCT-06. |
| Shotton, E.; (2005) Northern Landscapes : Northern Architectures. [International Refereed Conference], Fourth Savannah Symposium: Architecture and Regionalism, Department of Architectural History, Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah USA , 01-MAR-05. |
| Shotton, E.; (2005) Haste: The Forgotten Virtue. [International Refereed Conference], The European City. Architectural Interventions and Urban Transformations, The Netherlands: TU Delft & EAAE , 01-OCT-04. |
| Shotton, E.; (2004) Material Imprecision. [International Refereed Conference], PRIMITIVE Conference, University of Cardiff, Wales , 01-SEP-04. |
| Shotton, E.; (2004) Material Imprecision. [International Refereed Conference], Material Matters Conference, University of East London , 01-MAR-04. | |||||||||
| Shotton, E.; (2004) Landscape and Technology. [Invited Lecture], Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway , 01-JAN-04. | |||||||||
| Shotton, E.; (2004) Technical Intuition: The Role Of Reason And Intuition In The Design Process. [Non Refereed Paper/Abstract Presented at Conference], The Teaching Of Construction In Architectural Education EAAE ' ENHSA Conference, Athens, Greece , 01-MAY-04. | |||||||||
| Shotton, E; (2002) Other Notes on Bounding. [International Refereed Conference], International Geographical Union Annual Conference, Dublin, Ireland , 01-JAN-02. | |||||||||
| Shotton, E. & Nicholls, J.; (2001) Issues of Gravity. [Invited Lecture], College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington , 01-JAN-01. | |||||||||
| Shotton, E.; (2000) The Profession of Architecture. [Invited Lecture], School of Fine Arts, University of BC, Vancouver, Canada, School of Fine Arts, University of BC, Vancouver, Canada , 01-JAN-00. | |||||||||
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| Committee : Wood Marketing Federation 3rd Level Education Committee |
| Committee : Assessment Appeals Committee, UCD |
| Committee : Architectural Institute of BC Mentor Program |
| Committee : Quality Assurance Committee, School of Architecture, UCD |
| Committee : Architectural Institute of BC Innovation Awards |
| Committee : Architectural Institute of BC Communications Board | |||||||||
| Committee : AIBC House of the Month | |||||||||
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| Employer: School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland Position: College Lecturer & Programme Coordinator: Bachelor of Architecture |
| Employer: Elizabeth Shotton - architect. Vancouver, Canada & Dublin, Ireland Position: Self-employed |
| Employer: School of Architecture, University College Dublin, Ireland Position: College Lecturer: Building Technology Coordination |
| Employer: School of Architecture, University College Dublin, Ireland Position: Master Tutor: Final Year Studio |
| Employer: School of Architecture, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Position: Lecturer in Practice |
| Employer: School of Architecture, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Position: Sessional Instructor |
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| Employer: Henriquez and Partners, Architects and Planners, Vancouver, Canada Position: Project Architect - Design Team |
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| Employer: Peter Cardew Architects, Vancouver, Canada Position: Intermittent contracts: contract documents & site administration |
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| Employer: Michael Lundholm & Associates, Ottawa, Canada Position: Project Leader - Design Team |
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| Employer: Carmen Corneil Architect, Toronto, Canada Position: Contract Documents Team |
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| Employer: Patkau Architects, Vancouver, Canada Position: Member of Design Team |
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| Employer: Canadian Chemical Producers Association Position: Economic Analyst |
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| Year 2012 Institution: University College Dublin Qualification: PhD Subject: Building on the River Liffey: Memory, Perception & Design |
| Year 1988 Institution: University of British Columbia Qualification: BArch Subject: |
| Year 1981 Institution: Carleton Univ, Ontario Qualification: BComm Subject: |
| External Examiner Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 2005 |
| External Examiner, M.Arch., Institute for Architecture and Planning, Vaduz, Liechtenstein 2008 |
| Invited Critic School of Architecture, University College Dublin, Ireland Thesis Work 2002 Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Alberta Studio 1998 College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington Thesis Work 1997 |
| Exhibitions Reconstructing the Liffey
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| Curatorial Work HELTER SHELTER
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| Grammatical Evolution, Parametric Design & Rapid Prototyping Awarded SFI Grant 2008 of 159,400 euros |
| SECA WoodWeld Tectonic Culture: Erasmus Intensive Exchange Programme University of Liechtenstein, Institute for Architecture and Planning, Vaduz (Coordinator)
North Atlantic Rim Research Collabarative |
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Recent research has focused on the relationship between memory and perception and is based on the reassessment of large-scale redevelopment work in the Dublin. This critique, argued through the framework of theories on perception and memory, establishes a premise regarding the generation of ambiguity in architectural form and its value in sustaining collective memory. Research on memory and perception extended this work into the realm of the intuition and its relevance in the design process. This work focuses principally on the interdependent relationships between the means of representation, analysis, memory, perception, and the role of intuition in the design process. The relevance of the this work in the teaching programme is the manner in which intuition, a critical component in a creative design process, can be influenced and matured to its full potential, expanding creativity in a lateral, non-rational manner while retaining authority. The key to this lies in the fluidity and variability of the representation process in design which, in its turn, influences the manner in which knowledge is stored and ultimately retrieved in a non-linear fashion. This has pedagogical implications as it suggests not simply a bias against a linear design process but a means by which imperatives, such as material, environmental and technical realities, can be embroiled into the early conceptual positioning of a project to influence later design decisions through the agency of intuition.
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